Salvador Luria essays

Salvador Luria essays Salvador Luria was one of the founders of microbiology, as we know it. He emigrated from here from his native country of Italy in 1940. His work in the United States is his best known. His work on bacteriophage (bacterial virus) here brought up many new topics in bacteriology, biochemistry, and virology. Born in 1912 in Turin, Italy Salvador Luria was born to David Luria and Ester Sacerdote. His father was a well-respected Jewish leader in his hometown. Salvador attended Liceo dAzeglio high school. This was one of Northern Italys most highly recognized schools. After he finished high school he enrolled in medical school at the University of Turin. In medical school he studied with nerve tissue expert Giuseppe Levi. He met Ugo Fano who later taught him calculus and physics in an after school class using astronomy as a base. The influence that Fano had on Salvador was so great that he decided to pursue basic sciences. He decided to go with Radiology, he believed this was the gap between physics and medicine. He received his medical degree in 1935. Although he had received his degree he was not happy. He believed Radiology was the most boring part of the medical world. Salvador was drafted into the Italian Army as a medic. This proved he was not made for a medical career. He was discharged in 1937 and moved to Rome. In Rome he study at the Physics Institute of the University of Rome. He was shown the writings of Max Delbruck, who had boldly stated a gene, was a molecule. Salvador later said that Maxs writings were the Holy Grail of biophysics. While living in an old broken down trolley car in the streets of Rome Salvador started a conversation with a microbiologist by the name of Geo Rita. Geo introduced him to bacteriophage, Salvador believed he could prove Maxs theory. He fled Europe in 1940 when the Nazi war machine was an approaching. He acquired an American visa and came ...

How to Find the Pisces Constellation in the Night Sky

How to Find the Pisces Constellation in the Night Sky The Pisces constellation can be seen from nearly all points on Earth. Pisces has a storied history and is one of the constellations of the Zodiac, a set of star patterns that lies along the apparent path of the Sun against the sky throughout the year. The name Pisces comes from the Latin plural for fish. Pisces used to be referred to as the first constellation of the zodiac. This is because the Sun appears against the backdrop of Pisces during the northern hemispheres spring equinox, which was previously considered the start of a new year. Finding Pisces The constellation Pisces is easiest to see in October and November, or on late evenings in September. Because its stars are relatively dim, Pisces is most visible in a dark country sky. Pisces is very close to Pegasus in the sky. Its one of three northern hemisphere autumn constellations that are easy to spot. Carolyn Collins Petersen The constellation Pisces is part of a larger grouping of Pegasus, Andromeda, Aries, and Triangulum. It is also near Aquarius. The stars that make up Pisces have a rough V-shape. The eastern fish has a small triangular head and the western fish has a small circlet for a head. It is located right next to the Great Square of Pegasus in the northern hemisphere sky, and the heads of the fishes are either to the west or southeast of the Square. The Story of Pisces Ancient Babylonians saw the constellation Pisces as two separate objects: the Great Swallow (a bird) and the Lady of Heaven. Later, the Greeks and Romans saw a goddess of love and fertility- for the Greeks, it was Aphrodite, while for the Romans, it was Venus. Chinese astronomers saw this region of the sky as a farmers fence that kept animals from escaping. Today, most stargazers think of Pisces as two fish in the sky. The Stars of Pisces Pisces is not one of the brightest constellations in the sky, but it is large. It does have several brighter stars, including ÃŽ ± Piscium- also known as Alrescha (Arabic for the cord). Alrescha, which lies about 140 light-years away from us, is at the deepest point of the V shape.   The IAU constellation designation for Pisces includes the main pattern plus numerous other stars. IAU/Sky Telescope   The second-brightest star is ÃŽ ² Piscium, with the lengthy informal name of Fumalsamakah (which means mouth of the fish in Arabic). Its much farther away from us, at a distance of just under 500 light-years. There are about 20 brighter stars within Pisces fish pattern, and numerous others in the official region designated by the IAU as Pisces on its charts.   Deep Sky Objects in Pisces The constellation Pisces doesnt have a lot of very obvious deep-sky objects, but the best one for stargazers to spot is a galaxy called M74 (from Charles Messiers list of faint fuzzy objects). M74 is spiral galaxy, similar in shape to the Milky Way (although its arms are not so tightly wound up as those in our home galaxy). It lies about 30 million light-years away from us. Professional astronomers continually study M74 because its face on from our point of view here on Earth. This positioning allows astronomers to study the star-forming regions in the spiral arms, and search out variable stars, supernovae, and other objects among the 100 billion stars that make up the galaxy. Astronomers use instruments like the Spitzer Space Telescope to study the galaxy for regions of star birth, as it is a prodigious star-formation galaxy. They are also intrigued by the possibility of a black hole at the heart of M74.   Here is the galaxy M 74 as seen through the infrared-sensitive instruments onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. The view shows areas of starbirth in the spiral arms. NASA/CalTech/Spitzer Although its not in Pisces, the Triangulum galaxy (known as M33) is right next to the head of the western fish. Its a spiral galaxy that is actually part of the Local Group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way. A view of the Triangulum Galaxy (M 33) near Pisces. This was taken with amateur equipment. Kanwar Singh, Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0.   Andromeda is the largest member of the group, the Milky Way is second-largest, and M33 is third-largest. Interestingly, astronomers have observed that Andromeda and M33 are linked together by streams of gas, which means that the two have had a tango in the past and will likely interact again in the distant future.